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India · Doctors indemnity · Compared on one term

How Much Excess Does an Indian Doctor Pay on an Indemnity Claim? Every Carrier, From the Filed Wordings

By Best Worst Insurance Editorial TeamUpdated 17 August 2026

The excess is what a doctor pays out of their own pocket before the insurer pays anything, and the Indian market cannot agree on what it should be — or, in one case, on what its own document says it is. New India's doctors' wording carries no compulsory excess clause at all [1,2], and Oriental's is the only wording in the market with genuinely zero compulsory and zero voluntary excess on its face [3,2]. Both inherit that from the 1991 all-India Market Agreement every public-sector wording descends from [2,1,4,3]. United India charges 0.50% of the limit, minimum ₹5,000 and maximum ₹1,00,000 per claim [5]. National Insurance's single filed document states two different rates: 0.25% in clause 7 and ½% in the specimen schedule bound into the same PDF [4]. And at ICICI Lombard, Tata AIG and Bajaj the excess is charged against defence costs as well as damages [6][7][8], so it is spent on your own lawyer before it is ever spent on the patient.

Compulsory excess on every doctors indemnity product sold in India

Every cell is read from that carrier's own filed wording, prospectus or CIS. Where the cell says schedule-only, that is the finding: the carrier publishes no rate or formula anywhere, so the number cannot be compared until a quote exists.

CarrierCompulsory excessPublished as a rate you can check?Does it also come out of your defence costs?
Oriental InsuranceNone — the only Indian doctors wording with zero compulsory AND zero voluntary excess on its face [3,2]In the wording — which now survives only in the Wayback Machine [3]Nothing to apply
New India AssuranceNone — no compulsory excess clause in the wording at all [1,2]In the wording — which New India does not publish on its own site [1,9]Nothing to apply
United India0.50% of the limit opted, minimum ₹5,000 and maximum ₹1,00,000 per claim [5]Yes — stated verbatim in its own Customer Information Sheet [5]Not stated in the published CIS or prospectus; the operative wording is not published at all
National InsuranceContradictory: clause 7 says 0.25% of the limit of indemnity, the specimen schedule in the same PDF says ½%, both minimum ₹5,000 and maximum ₹1,00,000 [4]Twice, at two different rates [4]Defence spend reduces the limit either way [1,11,4,3,6,12,13,14,8,7,15]
ICICI LombardSchedule-only — no numeric formula in the filed wording [6]NoYes — applied to death and bodily-injury claims inclusive of defence costs [6]
Tata AIGSchedule-only, called the Retention [7]No — and the filed copy behind its doctors' marketing page is a generic wording that excludes bodily injury outright [7]Yes — the wording states verbatim that the Retention also applies to Defence Costs [7]
BajajSchedule-only, called the Insured's Retained Amount [8]NoYes — cover starts above the retained amount for damages and claims expenses alike [8]
Go DigitSchedule deductible plus a Participation Percentage coinsurance on every claim above it, which the doctor is barred from insuring [15]The mechanism is published; the numbers are notCompensation and claims expenses share one occurrence limit [1,11,4,3,6,12,13,14,8,7,15]
HDFC ERGO MediserveSchedule-only — the deductible is whatever the schedule statesNo — and this is the one carrier that publishes wording, prospectus and CIS together [12,18]Claim expenses sit inside the limit of liability [1,11,4,3,6,12,13,14,8,7,15]
IFFCO TokioSchedule-only — no formula publishedNoDefence spend reduces the limit [1,11,4,3,6,12,13,14,8,7,15]
IndusInd (ex-Reliance)Schedule-only — no formula in any primary documentNoDefence spend reduces the limit [1,11,4,3,6,12,13,14,8,7,15]
Generali Central (ex-Future Generali)Unknowable — the insurer publishes no primary document for this product at all [19]NoUnknowable
SBI GeneralNo doctors' PI product exists to carry one [20]n/an/a
IMA PPS (not insurance)No policy schedule exists to carry an excess — it is a member pool, not an IRDAI-regulated insurer [16,17]Scheme rules, varying by stateIn Karnataka the scheme reimburses defence only at fixed rates, so the member funds the gap [21]

1. The one number you pay on every claim, and nobody compares

Every ranking of doctors' indemnity in India compares the sum insured and the premium. Neither is the number you actually hand over. The compulsory excess is: it is deducted from every covered claim, in the years you win and the years you lose, and unlike the premium it is charged when you are already in trouble.

It is also the term this market handles worst. Two carriers charge nothing at all. One publishes a clean formula. One publishes two contradictory formulas in the same document. Three charge it against your legal bill as well as the patient's damages. One adds a share above it that you are contractually forbidden to insure. And at every private carrier the figure exists only in the schedule you receive after buying — which is precisely why no seller has published this comparison.

The two excess rates National Insurance states in the single PDF it publishes for this product, side by side.

Where it appearsWhat it statesEffect on a doctor
Clause 7 of the wordingA compulsory excess of 0.25% of the limit of indemnity, minimum ₹5,000 and maximum ₹1,00,000 [4]The lower of the two rates, and the one a doctor reading the conditions would take away
The specimen schedule bound into the same PDF½% of limit of indemnity for any one year, minimum ₹5,000 and maximum ₹1,00,000 [4]Double the rate in the clause, on the page that most resembles what a real policy schedule looks like
Both, in one filed documentIdentical floor and ceiling; only the rate differs [4]Nothing in the document reconciles the two, so the issued schedule is the only thing that settles what you owe

2. Zero is real, and it is public-sector paper

New India Assurance's doctors' wording contains no compulsory excess clause at all [1,2]. Oriental's goes further and is the only Indian doctors' wording with genuinely zero compulsory and zero voluntary excess on its face [3,2].

That is inheritance rather than underwriting philosophy. All four public-sector doctors' wordings descend from the same 1991 all-India Market Agreement on Rating of Professional Indemnity Insurances, and the National, Oriental and New India texts remain near-verbatim identical [2,1,4,3]. The Agreement set the rate ladder those insurers still visibly follow — 0.5 per mille of the annual limit for physicians, pathologists and radiologists [2], 2.0 per mille for surgeons [2] — and it prescribed no deductible for doctors. Decades later, two of the four wordings still carry that rule and one contradicts itself about having departed from it.

The awkward part is custody. The two carriers charging nothing are also the two hardest to read: New India — India's largest general insurer — publishes no wording, prospectus, CIS or UIN on its own website [1,9], and Oriental's filed wording is no longer retrievable from its own domain and survives publicly only in the Wayback Machine [3]. The best term in the market sits in the documents the market can least easily see, which is the theme of our documentation transparency ranking.

3. United India charges — and says so

United India's Customer Information Sheet states the excess plainly: 0.50% of the indemnity limit opted, minimum ₹5,000, maximum ₹1,00,000 per claim [5]. That is a genuine cost. Set the ₹1,00,000 ceiling against the roughly ₹9,440 a year a surgeon is quoted for ₹1 crore of United India cover [10] and the worst-case excess is larger than the whole annual premium.

We still rate publication above concealment. A doctor comparing United India against any private carrier can price this term before buying; against ICICI Lombard, Tata AIG, Bajaj, HDFC ERGO, IFFCO Tokio, IndusInd or Go Digit they cannot. The published figure also corrects the market: the "5% of each claim, minimum ₹1 lakh" that circulates on broker pages is not what United India's filed CIS says [5].

4. The policy that contradicts itself

National Insurance publishes its full doctors' wording, with a specimen schedule, in a single PDF on its own website. That document states two different compulsory excess rates. Clause 7 sets the excess at 0.25% of the limit of indemnity, minimum ₹5,000 and maximum ₹1,00,000. The specimen schedule in the same file sets it at ½% of limit of indemnity for any one year, with the identical minimum and maximum [4]. One is double the other. The floor and ceiling match, so the discrepancy is confined to the rate, and nothing in the document resolves which one governs.

We are careful about what this does and does not mean. It is not evidence that National charges more than it says, nor that any doctor has been overcharged; the issued schedule on a real policy would settle the figure, and we have not seen one. What it is, precisely, is a defect in a filed document — the same class of failure as United India's doctors' prospectus opening with cover for the accidental breakage of plate glass [11], IndusInd's professional indemnity CIS telling the insured to give notice on the Carriers, Port Authorities or other Bailees [22], Bajaj's published wording carrying an arbitration heading over a blank clause body [8], and ICICI's doctors' wording still quoting service tax at 10.2% in 2026 [6]. We catalogue all of them on document-integrity defects in filed PI paperwork.

For a doctor the practical consequence is narrow and worth acting on: ask for the issued schedule in writing, and check which of the two rates it carries.

5. Charged twice: the carriers whose excess eats the defence

Start from the term that is universal in India. Defence costs are paid from inside the limit of indemnity at every carrier we could verify — no Indian doctors' policy pays them on top of the limit [1,11,4,3,6,12,13,14,8,7,15]. Your ₹1 crore is one budget for damages and lawyers together.

Three carriers then charge the excess against that legal spend as well. ICICI Lombard applies its excess to death and bodily-injury claims inclusive of defence costs [6]. Tata AIG's Professional Shield states verbatim that the Retention also applies to Defence Costs, and bars the insured from even incurring those costs without prior written consent [7][7]. Bajaj's wording makes the insurer liable only for damages and claims expenses above the Insured's Retained Amount [8].

The effect is easiest to see in the claim you win. Legal spend begins the day the notice arrives and continues whether or not liability is ever established, so at these three carriers the excess is consumed by your own defence before the question of damages is reached. Contrast New India, whose wording pays defence costs whether liability ultimately attaches to the policy or not [1] and charges no excess against them because it charges no excess at all.

6. Go Digit: the share you are forbidden to insure

Go Digit sells no doctors-specific product; its generic professional liability policy is what a doctor would be written on. On this term it is the market's outlier. Above the schedule deductible it applies a Participation Percentage — a coinsurance on every claim that exceeds the deductible — and the wording removes cover entirely if the insured buys separate insurance to offset that participation [15].

That is a different animal from an excess. An excess is a fixed retained amount you can budget for; a percentage share scales with the claim, and this one cannot legally be laid off anywhere else. Stack it with the rest of Digit's defence machinery — panel lawyers only [15] and a hammer clause capping liability at a settlement the doctor refused [8,7,15] — and the doctor's exposure above the limit is structurally larger than the headline suggests. We take the hammer clauses apart separately in the carriers that can cap your defence.

7. Where the number hides at everyone else

At ICICI Lombard, HDFC ERGO Mediserve, IFFCO Tokio, IndusInd, Bajaj, Tata AIG and Go Digit, the excess is whatever the policy schedule says. No rate, no formula, no worked example that binds. This holds even at the top of the transparency table: HDFC ERGO's Mediserve is the only doctors-specific product whose insurer publishes wording, prospectus and CIS together on its own domain [12,18], and a buyer still cannot learn the deductible from any of the three.

Two carriers cannot be assessed on this term at all. Generali Central publishes no primary document whatsoever for the doctors' product brokers sell on its paper [19], so any excess figure quoted for it comes from a broker page rather than a filed wording. SBI General has no doctors' PI product to carry an excess, confirmed against its own filed UIN list rather than merely unlocated [20].

8. The verdict on this term

  1. Oriental Insurance — zero compulsory and zero voluntary excess on the face of the wording [3,2]. Best available answer, from a document you can only get out of a web archive [3].
  2. New India Assurance — no compulsory excess clause [1,2], and a defence clause that pays whether liability attaches or not [1]. Demand the wording before you sign [1,9].
  3. United India — charges 0.50% with a ₹5,000 floor and ₹1,00,000 ceiling, and publishes it [5]. The most honest paid excess in the market.
  4. HDFC ERGO Mediserve, IFFCO Tokio, IndusInd — schedule-only. The excess cannot be priced before purchase at any of the three, and at HDFC ERGO that holds even though it is the one carrier publishing wording, prospectus and CIS together [12,18].
  5. National Insurance — unrankable as filed, because its own document gives two answers [4].
  6. ICICI Lombard, Bajaj, Tata AIG — schedule-only and applied to defence costs as well as damages [6][8][7].
  7. Go Digit — worst structure on this term: an unpublished deductible plus an uninsurable coinsurance above it [15].
  8. Generali Central — no document, no assessment [19].

Four questions that settle what a claim will cost you out of pocket. Ask them before you pay the premium, not after a notice arrives.

Ask the insurerWhy it decides moneyThe answer that should worry you
What is the compulsory excess, in rupees rather than per cent?It is the only sum you pay on every covered claim, win or loseSee the schedule — because at every private carrier that is the only place the number exists
Does the excess apply to defence costs as well as damages?Defence costs already come out of the limit at every Indian carrier [1,11,4,3,6,12,13,14,8,7,15], so an excess on top is charged against your lawyer's bill firstYes — as it is at ICICI Lombard, Tata AIG and Bajaj [6][7][8]
Is there any further co-payment above the excess?Go Digit adds a Participation Percentage on every claim above the deductible and voids cover if you insure it [15]Any percentage share that survives the deductible
Can I see the wording and the specimen schedule before I pay?The excess lives in the schedule at every private carrier, and at National the wording and the schedule disagree [4]Only after issuance
Is there a hammer clause on top of the excess?Bajaj, Tata AIG and Go Digit can cap liability at a settlement you refused [8,7,15], which caps what is left after the excessYes, combined with panel-lawyers-only defence [15]

Excess is one of eleven terms on which these products differ, and it is rarely the one that decides a claim outright — a reporting window that closes the day cover ends can cost the whole claim rather than a slice of it [12][1,4,3,6,13,14]. Read this alongside the master comparison of every policy on every term and the best and worst ranking, or start with why indemnity claims get rejected if you want the terms that end claims rather than shrink them.

Frequently asked questions

What is the compulsory excess on a doctor's indemnity policy in India?
It is the first slice of every covered claim that the doctor pays personally, before the insurer pays anything. There is no market standard. New India's wording contains no compulsory excess clause at all [1,2], Oriental's has neither a compulsory nor a voluntary one [3,2], United India charges 0.50% of the limit with a ₹5,000 floor and ₹1,00,000 ceiling [5], and every private carrier leaves the figure to the policy schedule, where you cannot read it until you are quoted.
Which doctors' indemnity policies in India have no excess?
Two, and both are public sector. New India Assurance's doctors' wording has no compulsory excess clause [1,2], and Oriental Insurance's is the only Indian doctors' wording with genuinely zero compulsory and zero voluntary excess on its face [3,2]. Neither is generosity: all four public-sector wordings descend from the 1991 all-India Market Agreement [2,1,4,3], which prescribed no deductible for doctors. The cost of that advantage is documentation — New India publishes no wording, prospectus, CIS or UIN on its own website [1,9] and Oriental's filed wording exists publicly only in web archives [3].
How much excess does United India charge on doctors indemnity?
0.50% of the indemnity limit opted, subject to a minimum of ₹5,000 and a maximum of ₹1,00,000, stated verbatim in United India's own Customer Information Sheet [5]. That figure also settles a widely repeated broker error: the often-quoted "5% of the claim, minimum ₹1 lakh" is not what the filed document says. Size it against the premium before you dismiss it — a surgeon is quoted about ₹9,440 a year for ₹1 crore of United India cover [10], less than the ceiling on the excess itself.
Why does National Insurance's doctors' policy state two different excess rates?
We do not know, and that is the finding. The single PDF National Insurance publishes for this product states a compulsory excess of 0.25% of the limit of indemnity in clause 7, and ½% of the limit of indemnity for any one year in the specimen schedule bound into the same document — both carrying the same ₹5,000 minimum and ₹1,00,000 maximum [4]. One rate is double the other, and nothing in the document reconciles them. It is a defect in a filed document rather than a pricing choice, which is why it sits alongside the market's other paperwork failures on our document-integrity page. Practically: insist on the issued schedule, because that is the only thing that settles what you would owe.
Does the excess apply to legal defence costs, or only to compensation?
At three carriers it applies to both. ICICI Lombard applies its excess to death and bodily-injury claims inclusive of defence costs [6]; Tata AIG's Professional Shield states verbatim that the Retention also applies to Defence Costs [7]; and Bajaj is liable only for damages and claims expenses in excess of the Insured's Retained Amount [8]. This compounds a term that is universal in India: defence costs are paid from inside the limit of indemnity at every carrier we could verify, never on top of it [1,11,4,3,6,12,13,14,8,7,15]. So at those three insurers the same rupees are charged against you twice — once as the excess, then again as a reduction of the limit.
Should I accept a higher excess to reduce my premium?
Only once you know what the excess attaches to. A higher excess against damages alone is a straightforward trade; a higher excess that also eats defence costs [6][7] is charged on every claim you eventually win as well as every one you lose, because the legal spend happens first. Treat Go Digit's structure as a separate category: above the deductible it applies a Participation Percentage coinsurance to every claim and voids cover if you buy insurance to offset that share [15], so the discount buys you a retained exposure you are not permitted to hedge.
Does the IMA Professional Protection Scheme have an excess?
It has no policy schedule for one to sit in. IMA's schemes are mutual member-contribution pools rather than insurance — not IRDAI-regulated, with no policyholder protections and no recourse to the Insurance Ombudsman [16,17]. Member cost-sharing is on the funding side instead: Karnataka's KPPS charges ₹3,700 in year one and ₹500 a year thereafter plus an uncapped Demand Fraternity Contribution under which claims are shared equally among members [23,21], and it reimburses a member's defence only at fixed rates — roughly ₹10,000 at a District forum, ₹20,000 at the State commission and ₹30,000 at the National commission [21] — so anything the lawyer charges above those figures is the member's own money. We compare the two models in full on IMA PPS versus private insurance.
Which insurer is best on excess for an Indian doctor?
Oriental and New India, because zero is unbeatable and both carry it in the wording rather than the schedule [3,2][1,2] — provided you insist on being handed the wording, since neither publishes it usefully [3][1,9]. United India is the honest third: it charges, and it tells you what it charges [5]. Avoid buying on excess alone, though — the same wordings that win here lose on documentation, and the reporting window can cost you the entire claim rather than a slice of it [12]. The full picture is in our best and worst ranking and across every term in the master comparison.

Sources

Every figure on this page is footnoted to one of the primary documents below. Reliability tiers: A = regulator, court or filed document; B = reputable publisher or carrier official page; C = user-generated (reported by users).

  1. 1.New India Assurance Co. — Professional Indemnity Policy for Doctors and Medical Practitioners — policy wording. https://www.iosweb.net/m-documents/DRINDEMCLAUSE.pdfTier A · Regulator / court / filed document · Accessed 2026-07-08
  2. 2.All-India general insurers (Oriental-branded copy) — Market Agreement on Rating of Professional Indemnity Insurances (1991). https://telearogya.com/assets/PROFESSIONAL_INDEMNITY-MARKET_AGREEMENT.pdfTier A · Regulator / court / filed document · Published 1991-12-01 · Accessed 2026-07-08
  3. 3.The Oriental Insurance Co. — Professional Indemnity Policy for Doctors & Medical Practitioners — policy wording (Wayback copy). https://web.archive.org/web/20230402045912id_/https://orientalinsurance.org.in/documents/10182/5106103/Terms+%26+conds+of++PROFESSIONAL+INDEMNITY+POLICY+FOR+DOCTORS+%26+MEDICAL+PRACTITIONERS.pdf/065f44d4-58e6-6bca-a65e-a414a2197132Tier A · Regulator / court / filed document · Accessed 2026-07-08
  4. 4.National Insurance Co. (NICL) — Professional Indemnity (for Doctors & Medical Practitioners) — full wording + specimen schedule. https://nationalinsurance.nic.co.in/sites/default/files/2026-04/Prof.Indmn%20Doctor%20Medical%20estb%20prospectus.pdfTier A · Regulator / court / filed document · Accessed 2026-07-08
  5. 5.United India Insurance Co. — Professional Indemnity Insurance Policy — Customer Information Sheet. https://uiic.co.in/web/sites/default/files/Policy-Document/Professional%20Indemnity%20Insurance%20Policy%20CIS.pdfTier A · Regulator / court / filed document · Published 2024-10-01 · Accessed 2026-07-08
  6. 6.ICICI Lombard (hosted by IRDAI) — Professional Indemnity Policy (For Doctors & Medical Practitioners) — policy wording. https://irdai.gov.in/documents/37343/993134/6_Policy+Wordings+Doctors+and+Medical+Practitioners_Misc+21_GEN073.pdf/dcdecdb3-f154-806d-88d7-1ebffee7eb61?version=1.1&t=1668243606849&download=trueTier A · Regulator / court / filed document · Accessed 2026-07-08
  7. 7.Tata AIG General Insurance — Professional Shield — policy wording (generic professionals' E&O). https://www.tataaig.com/s3/professional_shield_417d979962.pdfTier A · Regulator / court / filed document · Accessed 2026-07-08
  8. 8.Bajaj General Insurance (ex Bajaj Allianz) — Professional Indemnity Insurance Policy — policy wording (generic, retail UIN). https://www.bajajgeneralinsurance.com/download-documents/commercial-insurance/professional-indemnity-insurance-policy/Professional-Indemnity.pdfTier A · Regulator / court / filed document · Accessed 2026-07-08
  9. 9.New India Assurance Co. — Professional Indemnity Insurance — product page. https://www.newindia.co.in/professional-indemnity-insuranceTier B · Reputable publisher / carrier official · Accessed 2026-07-08
  10. 10.SecureNow (broker) — UIIC doctors' indemnity insurance — SecureNow product page. https://securenow.in/uiic-united-india-insurance/doctors-indemnity-insuranceTier B · Reputable publisher / carrier official · Accessed 2026-07-17
  11. 11.United India Insurance Co. — Professional Indemnity Insurance Policy for Doctors — prospectus. https://uiic.co.in/web/sites/default/files/Policy-Document/Professional%20Indemnity%20Insurance%20Policy-%20for%20Doctors.pdfTier A · Regulator / court / filed document · Accessed 2026-07-08
  12. 12.HDFC ERGO General Insurance — Mediserve Professional Indemnity — policy wording. https://customer-portal-assets.hdfcergo.com/documents/MediserveProfessionalIndemnity-PolicyWordings-526654013238.pdfTier A · Regulator / court / filed document · Accessed 2026-07-08
  13. 13.IFFCO Tokio General Insurance — Professional Indemnity Policy — wording for Doctors, Medical Practitioners and Medical Establishments. https://www.iffcotokio.co.in/content/dam/iffcotokio/policy-wordings/motor/professional-indemnity-policy-wording-doctors.pdfTier A · Regulator / court / filed document · Accessed 2026-07-08
  14. 14.IndusInd General Insurance (ex Reliance General) — IndusInd Professional Indemnity Policy for Doctors and Medical Practitioners — policy wording. https://www.indusindinsurance.com/Downloads/professional-indemnity-policy-for-doctors-and-medical-practictioners.pdfTier A · Regulator / court / filed document · Accessed 2026-07-08
  15. 15.Go Digit General Insurance — Digit Professional Liability Policy — retail policy wording. https://www.godigit.com/content/dam/godigit/directportal/en/downloads/others/policy-wordings-digit-professional-liability-policy.pdfTier A · Regulator / court / filed document · Accessed 2026-07-08
  16. 16.Indian Journal of Ophthalmology (via PMC) — IJO editorial on medico-legal protection and the IMA/AIOS Professional Protection Scheme (Jan 2020). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6951135/Tier A · Regulator / court / filed document · Published 2020-01-01 · Accessed 2026-07-17
  17. 17.Indian Medical Association (national) — IMA National Professional Protection Scheme (NPPS) — brochure. https://www.ima-india.org/branch/cms/images/8746_NPPS.pdfTier B · Reputable publisher / carrier official · Accessed 2026-07-08
  18. 18.HDFC ERGO General Insurance — Mediserve Professional Indemnity — Customer Information Sheet. https://customer-portal-assets.hdfcergo.com/documents/MediserveProfessionalIndemnity-CIS-840893480119.pdfTier A · Regulator / court / filed document · Accessed 2026-07-08
  19. 19.Generali Central Insurance (ex Future Generali) — Complete filed-product list for website (984 rows). https://www.generalicentralinsurance.com/footer-pdf/product-list-for-website.pdfTier A · Regulator / court / filed document · Accessed 2026-07-08
  20. 20.SBI General Insurance — SBI General filed UIN product list. https://content.sbigeneral.in/uploads/Product_list_for_website_2_New_896efc8d9c.pdfTier A · Regulator / court / filed document · Accessed 2026-08-17
  21. 21.IMA Karnataka PPS (KPPS) — Registered Constitution of IMA-KPPS. https://www.imakppsbengaluru.org/PDF/Constitution-Of-IMA-KPPS.pdfTier B · Reputable publisher / carrier official · Accessed 2026-07-08
  22. 22.IndusInd General Insurance — IndusInd Professional Indemnity Insurance — Customer Information Sheet (generic umbrella PI). https://www.indusindinsurance.com/Downloads/indusind-professional-indemnity-insurance-policy.pdfTier A · Regulator / court / filed document · Accessed 2026-07-08
  23. 23.IMA Karnataka — IMA-KPPS fees and benefits summary. https://imakarnataka.in/PDF/IMAKPPS.pdfTier B · Reputable publisher / carrier official · Accessed 2026-07-08